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Sunday, 3 March 2013

the role of nigerian women in culture - information library

?? ?The concept of culture has been defined in various ways. These various definitions range from its simplistic forms to its complex forms.? Culture is being universally defined and understood as the totality of ways of life of a people or a society. Sociologists, anthropologists and historians have offered a variety of meanings of culture and the traits inherent in it. These and burial ceremony, ethics and of course including philosophy of life (CESSAC 1986).

Culture varies widely with respect to the roles they assigned to different sexes. While one job may be regarded as a man's job in one society, it may be regarded as women's job is

another. This division is with the exception of child bearing. Child bearing is one constant factor that determines the division of labor in pre-industrial societies. Because of child-bearing, women are less mobile and therefore send to fill roles which they can perform closer to their houses such as house keeping, weaving, midwifery and processing of food.

In examining women in culture, there is the need to develop them so as to be able to keep pace with developments in the Nigerian socio-economic scene. Apart from the physical attractions, women are indispensable at home not only in the domestic work they do, but also in the taking care of the children. According to Oyesakin (1982) women perform certain functions that make for development they bear and take care of the children, they take care of the home and economically they are helping hands to man.?

Denise (1971) describes the roles and duties of women in the family as wives, mothers and village politicians. He was of the opinion that women function in various capacities ranging from monarchs and warriors to-founders of nations states.? According to Okonjo (1983), Women made mats, pottery and wove clothes_; women processed palm ?oil, palm kernels and market them. According to Okono (1983), it is a punishment to deprive a woman opportunity of attending the market. Levin (1965) describes the function which a market fulfills in the life of the Igbo women when she says -it is the battle field, their opportunity, their channel of expression, it is their club and theatre, their news- paper and their post office.? Looking at this crucial role of women in culture, one can assume that, if the role is not properly learned, the national development we are expecting may not be forthcoming. Women are the main custodian of social, cultural and rudimental values of a society.

??? Socially, women have contributed immensely to the development of the educational. They also perform civic rights. One of the areas which deserve maintaining is that marriage, which gives rise to legimate parenthood, tension reduction, sexual control and business partner.

Mr.E.A. Oke in his book, an introduction to social anthropology, pointed out ?marriage is an integral part of the existence of the society. The couple is expected to live together, cooperate with one another in the maintained of their household and inculcating of the societal Norma to their off offspring as to make the society a better place.

Finally, the role of women in education development, their contributions cannot be swept under the carpet for they are equal partners with men, not behind but a little bit ahead in educational development. (Akinterinwa and Fawehinmi, 2000.)

Source: http://martinslibrary.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-role-of-nigerian-women-in-culture.html

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Saturday, 2 March 2013

Tiny computer chip could go in toys, shoes - and you

Devin Coldewey , NBC News ? ? ? 4 hrs.

Freescale Semiconductor, maker of fine computer chips, announced on Thursday the world's smallest ARM-powered chip. The KL02 is about as big as a hat for a bee, but it has everything a real computer needs.

It comprises a processor, 4 kilobytes of RAM, 32 kilobytes of storage and a nice little input/output port ? if you look very closely. It may not sound like much compared to the meanest specs on the cheapest laptop or phone these days, but the KL02 isn't meant to stream Netflix or run "Angry Birds."

Chips this small are meant to be embedded in things, and the KL02 is the smallest and most capable one out there. Something like this could live in the heel of your shoe ? or in your shoelace, for that matter! Or it could live in an watch, or a pocket knife, or a key; It's also small enough to fit inside a pill.

Yes: While it could empower all manner of day-to-day objects with the ability to report to your phone or computer, perhaps the most interesting application is inside you.

Internal sensors exist already, but this one is smaller and more efficient by far, allowing it to operate more autonomously and on less power. A swallowable pill could keep itself in the stomach and monitor sugar intake for diabetics, or constantly check the liver for harmful buildup ? without the need for external power or other electronics.

Where will it show up first? Freescale isn't saying, although the chip was designed to fit the specifications of a mystery customer. Is it a medical research firm ? or Nike? Only time will tell, but you can be sure that chips like the KL02 will be showing up more and more often over the next decade.

?via Wired

Devin Coldewey is a contributing writer for NBC News Digital. His personal website is coldewey.cc.

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/gadgetbox/latest-tiny-computer-chip-could-go-toys-shoes-you-1C8626276

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Lawmakers push measure on Israel's self-defense

WASHINGTON (AP) ? A bipartisan group of senators is pushing a resolution saying that if Israel attacks Iran in self-defense, the United States will assist its Mideast ally.

Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Robert Menendez and Republican Lindsey Graham are chief sponsors of the measure, which specifies the U.S. would provide military, diplomatic and economic support to Israel. They said Thursday that the resolution is a clear message to Iran that the U.S. will take all necessary steps to ensure it doesn't acquire a nuclear weapon.

Graham said the nonbinding resolution is neither a declaration of war nor authorization to use military force.

The senators told a Capitol Hill news conference that they hope to pass the measure before President Barack Obama's trip to Israel in April.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/lawmakers-push-measure-israels-self-defense-195648515--politics.html

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Friday, 1 March 2013

Fish migrate to safer environments

Public release date: 1-Mar-2013
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Contact: Ben Chapman
ben.chapman@biol.lu.se
46-736-643-608
Lund University

Research now reveals that fish can migrate to avoid the threat of being eaten. A new study from Lund University in Sweden shows that roach fish leave lakes and move into surrounding streams or wetlands, where they are safer from predators.

Every year, millions of animals migrate worldwide. In most cases, this is due to a shortage of food or other environmental factors. However, few research studies have focused on migration as a strategy to avoid predators. It is not easy to measure and quantify the risk of an animal being eaten.

"Our findings are therefore quite unique", says Ben Chapman, a researcher from the Department of Biology at Lund University.

In collaboration with Danish colleagues, the researchers at Lund University have published the results of their study. These show that fish, in this case roach, flee from a lake to surrounding streams and wetlands when there are a large number of cormorants hunting in the lake. Ben Chapman and his colleagues note that their findings are among the first evidence that the threat of predators can be a reason for seasonal migration in animals.

The researchers used an inventive method to track the fate of individual roach. They individually marked thousands of fish with a little chip resembling a barcode, and then went to the cormorants' resting places and scanned the earth for chips in the birds' excrement i.e. the remains of the fish that have passed through the birds' digestive systems. In this way, the researchers have been able to obtain large quantities of data on which fish were eaten. It emerged that it was mostly larger roach that fell victim to the cormorants.

The fieldwork has been carried out in the Danish lakes of Viborg and Loldrup on Jutland. In the next fieldwork season, the researchers plan to expand their work to include Krankesjn lake in southern Sweden and to investigate whether fish can change their migration patterns in response to increasing numbers of predators.

###

The study has been published in the scientific journal Biology Letters and will also be featured in Nature.

For more information, contact:
Ben Chapman or Kaj Hulthn, Department of Biology, Lund University
ben.chapman@biol.lu.se (tel. +46 736 643608)
kaj.hulthen@biol.lu.se (tel. +46 767 864997)

[ | E-mail | Share ]
?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Fish migrate to safer environments Public release date: 1-Mar-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Ben Chapman
ben.chapman@biol.lu.se
46-736-643-608
Lund University

Research now reveals that fish can migrate to avoid the threat of being eaten. A new study from Lund University in Sweden shows that roach fish leave lakes and move into surrounding streams or wetlands, where they are safer from predators.

Every year, millions of animals migrate worldwide. In most cases, this is due to a shortage of food or other environmental factors. However, few research studies have focused on migration as a strategy to avoid predators. It is not easy to measure and quantify the risk of an animal being eaten.

"Our findings are therefore quite unique", says Ben Chapman, a researcher from the Department of Biology at Lund University.

In collaboration with Danish colleagues, the researchers at Lund University have published the results of their study. These show that fish, in this case roach, flee from a lake to surrounding streams and wetlands when there are a large number of cormorants hunting in the lake. Ben Chapman and his colleagues note that their findings are among the first evidence that the threat of predators can be a reason for seasonal migration in animals.

The researchers used an inventive method to track the fate of individual roach. They individually marked thousands of fish with a little chip resembling a barcode, and then went to the cormorants' resting places and scanned the earth for chips in the birds' excrement i.e. the remains of the fish that have passed through the birds' digestive systems. In this way, the researchers have been able to obtain large quantities of data on which fish were eaten. It emerged that it was mostly larger roach that fell victim to the cormorants.

The fieldwork has been carried out in the Danish lakes of Viborg and Loldrup on Jutland. In the next fieldwork season, the researchers plan to expand their work to include Krankesjn lake in southern Sweden and to investigate whether fish can change their migration patterns in response to increasing numbers of predators.

###

The study has been published in the scientific journal Biology Letters and will also be featured in Nature.

For more information, contact:
Ben Chapman or Kaj Hulthn, Department of Biology, Lund University
ben.chapman@biol.lu.se (tel. +46 736 643608)
kaj.hulthen@biol.lu.se (tel. +46 767 864997)

[ | E-mail | Share ]
?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/lu-fmt030113.php
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Pandora establishes 40 hour mobile listening cap for free users

Remember the good ol' days of Pandora? Well, it turns out that you were living in it until today. Just this afternoon, the music streaming service revealed that it's become necessary to return to the 40 hour caps from times long ago -- only this time around, it applies only to mobile users. If you may recall, Pandora dropped these caps in September 2011, but steeper royalty costs have forced the company's hand in the matter. What does this mean for you? Well, unless you fit within the four percent of Pandora listeners that jam out on a mobile device for more than 40 hours per month, you're unlikely to ever notice the change. Meanwhile, heavy users will need to pay $0.99 to continue listening for the remainder of the month. Naturally, you can also lay down $3.99 per month (or $36 per year) for Pandora One, which will kick both those limits and pesky ads to the curb.

Filed under: Internet

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Via: TechCrunch

Source: Pandora Blog

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/iRDBVXvSBiQ/

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Vatican takes first steps running pope-less church

Faithful watch a giant screen showing Pope Benedict XVI in St. Peter's Square, at the Vatican,Thursday, Feb. 28, 2013. The 85-year-old German Pope Benedict is stepping down on Thursday evening, the first pope to do so in 600 years, after saying he no longer has the mental or physical strength to vigorously lead the world's 1.2 billion Catholics. (AP Photo/Dmitry Lovetsky)

Nuns wait for Pope Benedict XVI to greet the crowd from the window of the Pope's summer residence of Castel Gandolfo, the scenic town where he will spend his first post-Vatican days and make his last public blessing as pope,Thursday, Feb. 28, 2013. (AP Photo/Oded Balilty)

In this photo provided Friday, March 1, 2013 by the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Vatican Secretary of State, at center with red skull cap, officially takes over the vacant See as camerlengo, chamberlain, before sealing Pope Benedict XVI's apartment, after Benedict left the Vatican, Thursday, Feb. 28, 2013. Benedict XVI became the first pope in 600 years to resign Thursday, ending an eight-year pontificate shaped by struggles to move the church past sex abuse scandals and to reawaken Christianity in an indifferent world. (AP Photo/L'Osservatore Romano, ho)

In this photo provided Friday, March 1, 2013, then Pope Benedict XVI is saluted by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, left, as leaves Piazza San Damaso inside the Vatican to board a car which will take him to a helipad where he will depart to the pontiff's summer residence of Castel Gandolfo, Thursday, Feb. 28, 2013. Benedict XVI left the Catholic Church in unprecedented limbo Thursday as he became the first pope in 600 years to resign, capping a tearful day of farewells that included an extraordinary pledge of obedience to his successor. (AP Photo/L'Osservatore Romano, ho)

VATICAN CITY (AP) ? The Vatican took the first steps of governing a Catholic Church without a pope on Friday, making some ceremonial and practical moves to formalize the end of one pontificate and prepare for the conclave to start the next.

Benedict XVI's 8 p.m. resignation Thursday opened what is known as the "sede vacante" or "vacant see" ? the transition period between papacies when a few key Vatican officials take charge of running the church.

The dean of the College of Cardinals formally summoned his fellow "princes" of the church to Rome for an initial pre-conclave meeting on Monday ? something of a formality given that many of them are already here. But in a letter Friday, Cardinal Angelo Sodano also made clear that the conclave date won't be set until they have all arrived, meaning it may still be some time before a date is settled on.

Separately, the deputy to the camerlengo ? who administers the Vatican during the transition ? took symbolic possession of one of the papal basilicas in Rome. For obvious reasons, the camerlengo will not take possession of the main papal residence outside Rome ? Castel Gandolfo ? since that is Benedict's current retirement home.

In one of his last acts as pope, Benedict loosened the rules on the timeframe for the camerlengo to take possession of papal holdings, precisely to allow him to live out his first few months in retirement in what is an official papal residence.

Here are the top figures who will run the church in the coming days:

___

THE CAMERLENGO: Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone.

The camerlengo, or chamberlain, takes over the day-to-day running the Holy See as soon as the papacy ends. He places the seal on the pope's study and bedroom, and takes possession of the Apostolic Palace, "safeguarding and administering the goods and temporal rights of the Holy See" until a new pope is elected. On Thursday night, Bertone sealed the papal apartment, which will not be reopened until a new pope is elected.

Benedict in 2007 gave the camerlengo job to Bertone, 78, a natural choice, given that Bertone is currently the Vatican No. 2 as secretary of state and runs the Vatican bureaucracy anyway. A priest of the Salesian order, Bertone was trained as a canon lawyer and taught in various Roman universities for several years before coming to work for the former Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger at the Vatican's doctrine office in 1995.

As secretary of state, Bertone has had Benedict's unwavering trust, but his legacy has been mixed. He had no diplomatic training coming into the Holy See's most important diplomatic and administrative post, and critics blame the gaffes of Benedict's papacy and the current state of the Vatican's dysfunction on Bertone's managerial shortcomings. The 2012 leaks of papal documents appeared aimed at undermining his authority further, by exposing the power struggles and turf battles that festered under his watch. In his last speech as pope, however, Benedict singled Bertone out for thanks.

___

THE DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF CARDINALS: Cardinal Angelo Sodano.

The dean is the senior member of the College of Cardinals, the so-called "princes" of the church whose main task is to elect a pope. The dean oversees the pre-conclave meetings, at which the problems of the church are discussed, and has duties inside the conclave itself, including asking the newly elected pontiff if he accepts the job. But Sodano is 85 and cannot vote, so some of those duties will shift to the sub-dean.

Burly and sociable, the Italian Sodano was Pope John Paul II's longtime secretary of state. As dean, he spoke on behalf of all the cardinals in giving a final farewell to Benedict on Thursday, thanking him for his "selfless service."

Still, Sodano and Benedict were known to have clashed when Benedict was Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, particularly over the scandal-plagued Legion of Christ religious order. Sodano was a chief backer and protector of the Legion's late founder, the Rev. Marcial Maciel, even though the Vatican had known for years of solid allegations that he was sexually molesting his seminarians. Within Benedict's first year in office, Maciel was sentenced by the Vatican to a lifetime of penance and prayers for his crimes. That same year Benedict named Bertone to replace the retiring Sodano as secretary of state.

___

THE MASTER OF LITURGICAL CEREMONIES: Monsignor Guido Marini.

The master of liturgical ceremonies runs the religious side of the conclave and the installation Mass for the new pope, all of them carefully choreographed rituals. He is by the side of the dean when the newly elected pope is asked if he accepts the election. And as the main witness and notary, he draws up the formal document certifying the new pope's name and that he has accepted the job.

Benedict appointed Marini to the job in 2007, replacing Monsignor Piero Marini who for two decades was Pope John Paul II's right-hand man for all things liturgical. The shift was intentional. Under Guido Marini, papal Masses became far more reverent, with more Latin, Gregorian chants and the use of heavy silk-brocaded vestments of the pre-Vatican II church.

In changes introduced just before he resigned, Benedict made clear he wanted this more traditional vision of his papacy carried forward for the installation of a new pope. He called for the rites of installation to be separate from the liturgy itself and for the cardinals to make a public pledge of obedience to the new pope during the Mass. Previously, their pledge of obedience was done in private in the Sistine Chapel immediately after the election.

In keeping with Benedict's classical musical tastes, the new rites also allow for more flexibility in musical choices rather than the modern selections previously in favor. The aim, Marini recently told the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, is to make "the most of the rich musical repertoire of church history."

___

THE PROTO-DEACON: Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran.

The proto-deacon's main task is to announce to the world that a pope has been elected. He shouts "Habemus Papam!" ("We have a pope!") from the balcony overlooking St. Peter's Square after the white smoke has snaked up from the Sistine Chapel chimney. He then introduces the new pope ? in Latin ? along with the name the pope has chosen.

The French-born Tauran is a veteran Vatican diplomat who served in the Dominican Republic and Lebanon. He currently heads the Vatican's office for interreligious dialogue ? in other words the Vatican's primary point man for Catholic-Muslim relations. Benedict appointed him proto-deacon in 2011.

___

Follow Nicole Winfield at www.twitter.com/nwinfield

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2013-03-01-Vatican-Pope/id-6c6a917d57f54fc8bea53636bcfc0cbf

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Study Finds Genetic Risk Factors Shared by 5 Psychiatric Disorders

[unable to retrieve full-text content]A large genetic study has identified common glitches involved in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, major depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/health/study-finds-genetic-risk-factors-shared-by-5-psychiatric-disorders.html?partner=rss&emc=rss

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